There are different types of aphasia, and someone can have more than one type. They can also have other problems with communication at the same time, such as dysarthria or cognitive problems.

Common types of aphasia

The most common types of aphasia are:

• Expressive aphasia, also called Broca's or non-fluent aphasia
• Receptive aphasia, also called Wernicke's or fluent aphasia
• Anomic aphasia
• Global aphasia

Another type of aphasia is primary progressive aphasia (PPA), which unlike the other types of aphasia is degenerative, meaning it gets worse over time.

Expressive aphasia (Broca's or non-fluent aphasia)

Expressive aphasia, also called non-fluent aphasia or Broca’s aphasia, is due to damage in the ‘Broca’s area’ of the brain. It’s hard for someone to find the right words, but they may be able to understand speech quite well. They often know what they want to say, but can only say single words or very short sentences. This can feel frustrating to them and the person they are speaking to.

Receptive aphasia (Wernicke's or fluent aphasia)

Receptive aphasia, also called Wernicke’s or fluent aphasia, is due to damage to the ‘Wernicke’s area’ in the brain. It means someone can say words and sentences, but they often don’t make complete sense. They usually have trouble understanding speech. They may not know that what they are saying is unclear, so may get frustrated when people don’t understand them.

Anomic aphasia

Anomia, or anomic aphasia, is a milder form of aphasia. Someone can speak and use correct grammar, but they struggle to find the right word for things. They might substitute vague terms, or describe what an object does instead of using its name (such as a ‘jug for heating water’ instead of ‘kettle’).

Global aphasia

Global aphasia is the most severe form of aphasia, and it’s due to damage in several language areas of the brain including Broca’s and Wernicke’s. It affects all aspects of language, making both speaking and understanding very difficult.

Primary progressive aphasia (PPA)

Primary progressive aphasia (PPA) is a condition where language capabilities become slowly and progressively worse, leading to a gradual loss of the ability to:

• Read.
• Write.
• Speak.
• Understand what other people are saying.

Deterioration can happen slowly, over a period of years. The person may have other symptoms later on.

It's important to get an accurate diagnosis for PPA. Alzheimer's Research UK has more information on different types of PPA.

There is no cure for PPA. However, a person can still communicate effectively with the right tools, support and a PPA support group.